River Flow
نویسنده
چکیده
This chapter presents a range of key concepts that enable natural rivers to be understood as complex flows of water and sediment that interact and often result in changes to the channel shape. The implications for salmon fisheries and invertebrates are also considered. Rivers are linear features and so it might be supposed that the flow hydraulics would be unidirectional and relatively simple to describe. To some extent this is true. Except for the largest of the world rivers, the effects of wind-waves and geostrophic circulation can be ignored, as can periodically reversing flow which dominates tidal reaches. However, to complicate matters, rivers are characterized by relatively rapid changes in flow rate and consequently can be regarded as stationary in behavior only over short time spans. The relative shape and roughness of the channel may change as water levels fluctuate, and the twisting and turning of meandering channels means that often water is spiraling and only short reaches can be considered as linear conduits.
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